对外经济贸易大学2003年企业管理硕士研究生入学复试题
对外经济贸易大学2003年企业管理硕士研究生入学复试题请简要回答下列两道题：
1.结合目前非典疫情突发事件，你认为企业如何加强风险管理?(用中文回答，限400字以内)
2.Which content theory (or theories) of motivation, do you think, can be used to explain the effectiveness of the current motivation mechanism of the state-owned enterprises? Please put forward two specific suggestions with respect to the improvement of such mechanism.(用英文回答，限250字以内)
参考答案
对外经济贸易大学2003年企业管理硕士研究生入学复试题
请简要回答下列两道题：
1.结合目前非典疫情突发事件，你认为企业如何加强风险管理?(用中文回答，限400字以内)
答：
发生于2002年末至2003年间长达半年之久的非典疫情至今仍使人不寒而栗，这起突发事件也使企业更加意识到风险管理的重要性。
风险管理是指识别风险并设计控制风险的方法，其核心是将没有预计到的未来事项的影响控制在最低程度。那么企业该如何加强风险管理呢?
风险管理可分三个主要步骤：
第一步，风险确认。这是风险管理最重要的过程。倘若不能准确地确认风险所在，就无法分析及预测企业危机，当然也无从制定对策以控制风险。
第二步，风险评估。当风险确认后，接着要做的就是风险评估，风险评估就是对确认后所存在的风险做分析及量度，然后再作进一步的管理，从而将公司的损失减到最低，即将其控制至可接受的水平。
对于某些企业来说，可以将非典疫情看作是一次机遇，比如，那些生产体温计、口罩的企业可将非典看成是一次较大的商机;而对于另外一些企业来说，非典疫情对于它们来说更多的可能是一场巨大的挑战。比如，商场、餐饮行业等。
第三步，风险控制。风险控制是风险管理过程中的最后一个步骤，也是整个风险管理成败的关键所在。风险控制的目的在于改变公司所承受的风险程度，而风险管理的主要功能是帮助公司怎样避免风险，避免损失，减低损失的程度，当损失是无可避免的时候，务求尽量减低风险对公司所带来的不良影响。
企业确认了非典疫情这一风险，并对其进行评估，这还是远远不够的。最重要的是企业如何对非典疫情这一风险进行控制，即应对风险。企业可以用风险回避、避免损失、减低损失程度、资讯管理、风险转移，以及风险保留等这些风险控制工具对风险进行控制。例如对于上述提到的餐饮行业来说，它们可以基于确认非典这一风险持续的时间较长这一判断基础上，利用非典发生这一时期就餐人员极少这一特点，进行内部装修装饰，改善经营和就餐环境等，化不利条件为有利条件(因为若在无非典时装修，未能营业造成的损失很大)。
此外，企业在进行风险管理时不要陷入一般风险管理的五大陷阱：(1)低估开发新兴市场的风险;(2)低估实行多元化经营的风险;(3)低估业务扩张所需资金的风险;(4)低估借贷带来高负债率的风险;(5)低估投资项目带来的风险。
综上所述，主动地控制风险，希望回避风险的负面影响，把损失降到最低，是风险控制的真正意思。处于激烈竞争时代的现代企业必须时刻牢记这一点。
2.Which content theory (or theories) of motivation, do you think, can be used to explain the effectiveness of the current motivation mechanism of the state-owned enterprises? Please put forward two specific suggestions with respect to the improvement of such mechanism.(用英文回答，限250字以内)
Answer:
In my opinion, the expectancy theory is suitable to expound the current motivation mechanism of the state-owned enterprises. The concrete reasons are as followed:
The expectancy theory is a motivation mechanism that states that an individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. The theory’s prime components are the relationships between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and individual goals.
As we know that most state-owned enterprises are not well operated, the products are not well populated in the competitive markets. Naturally, the salaries the workers of the state-owned enterprises get are not enough. Furthermore, the relationship between the superior and the subordinates are stiff, the work style of the superior is bureaucratic and so on.
So according to expectancy theory, if the worker believes that he can achieve what is being attempted, and he will be adequately rewarded by the organization if this goal is achieved( performed), and in fact the reward will satisfy his individual goals, the worker will work hard to fulfill his work. On the contrary, the worker will hesitate or refuse to continue his work.
From above all, I have some several suggestions to improve the motivation mechanism:
(1)Clarify in advance what the workers will achieve if they finish the work.
(2)Verify or improve the status that most workers care for, such as pay, employee benefits, a chance to use talent or skills, or congenial relationships.
Only in these ways, can the expectancy theories be well implemented.